6: Parameters of Development Projects_Management _SE Development

The primary socio-economic parameter in any development project is invariably related to land. Land is a critical element, as the project’s establishment hinges on it, with its nature and capacity varying based on the project’s requirements.

A significant aspect of this is land ownership, making land acquisition a pivotal factor in the socio-economic development of the families residing in the region. This process inevitably leads to rehabilitation and resettlement activities, which are among the most crucial tasks in any development project. Accompanying these activities are issues related to compensation and solatium.

If a project is to be implemented on leased or rented land, challenges arise concerning the ownership of the outputs or benefits generated by the project. In such cases, owners or stakeholders may show reluctance to invest in the project due to uncertainties about returns or benefits.

The second critical aspect of socio-economic development projects involves establishing services that cater to the basic needs of the resident or project-affected population. This includes the development of housing colonies, public utilities, medical and health services, transportation, and education, followed by area development, ancillary units, and market forces.

Another vital aspect is understanding the area’s unique characteristics or barriers. This encompasses the property of the geographical area, distinct socio-economic differences (such as those among OBC, SC, or ST indigenous groups), demographic profiles, and the primary occupation of the resident population. It also involves understanding people’s priorities through need assessment surveys, ensuring their participation, and considering vital indicators, gender, and equity. These aspects are typically covered in Chapter 3 of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report, where I describe the socio-economic profile using this set of indicators.

Lastly, an effective monitoring system, including a redressal mechanism, is essential, though often missing in India. Having been part of the EIA team as a Field Assessment Expert in Socio-Economic aspects for over 175 projects, I have observed that while this clause is mentioned in the Terms of Reference and during public hearings, it is rarely seen in action during the construction, commissioning, and even the regular operation phases of most development projects. The establishment of a robust and responsive redressal mechanism remains a significant gap in the execution of these projects.